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'''梅花雀科'''(學名:Estrildidae)是舊大陸熱帶地區佮澳大拉西亞的一種小型雀形目鳥類,包括有幾个捷看鳥仔的物種,比如講:文鳥、鋪儒鳥、火雀、鸚雀佮梅花雀等。梅花雀科有時會去予人看做雀科(Passeridae)的亞科,只包括佇咧舊世界出現的雀,比如講:粟鳥仔屬。就算講其外型可能有淡薄仔仝款,本科物種佮燕雀科、鋪科又閣抑是美洲鋪科的關係其實並無密切。 梅花雀是群居的子食鳥仔,其喙短厚而尖利。梅花雀科物種的身體構造和習性攏真相𫝛,但彼此間羽毛的色水佮花草差誠濟。 所有的品種的梅花雀攏會起較大葩的半圓形鳥仔岫,逐擺通生五至十枚白色鳥卵。大部份物種會建造用歇睏的鳥仔岫。部份火雀佮斑腹雀會佇維達雀科的岫內生卵寄生。 大部份的梅花雀攏對寒冷極為敏感,性喜溫暖,加佇熱帶定居;少數佇澳大利亞南部佮新幾內亞的高地,閣適應當地較寒冷的氣候,比如講:高山文鳥、紅脅火尾雀、紅眉火尾雀,閣有 _ Stagonopleura _ 這屬的物種。 梅花雀科中上細的物種是小綠背織雀(_ Nesocharis shelleyi _), 體長干焦八點三公分(三寸三英寸)。 上輕的物種是烏腰梅花(_ Estrilda troglodytes _), 干焦重六克(空九二一汪輸)。 上大的物種是禾雀(_ Padda oryzivora _), 體長會當到十七公分(六桱七英寸), 體重會當達到二十五克(空九八八汪輸)。 ==分類== ===屬佮遮的物種=== * 叨花雀屬 _ Parmoptila _ * 紅額叨花雀 _ Parmoptila rubrifrons _ * Jameson's antpecker , _ Parmoptila jamesoni _ –often included in _ P . rubrifrons _ * 叨花雀 _ Parmoptila woodhousei _ * 烏雀屬 _ Nigrita _ * 白胸烏雀 _ Nigrita fusconota _ * 栗胸黑雀 _ Nigrita bicolor _ * 淡額烏雀 _ Nigrita luteifrons _ * 灰冠烏雀 _ Nigrita canicapilla _ * 綠背織雀屬 _ Nesocharis _ * 白領綠背織雀,_ Nesocharis ansorgei _ * 這个小綠背織雀,_ Nesocharis shelleyi _ * 規頭殼綠背織雀,_ Nesocharis capistrata _ * 斑腹雀屬 _ Pytilia _ * 柑仔翼斑腹雀,_ Pytilia afra _ * 紅翅斑腹雀,_ Pytilia phoenicoptera _ * 紅喙斑腹雀 _ Pytilia lineata _ * 綠翅斑腹雀,_ Pytilia melba _ * 黃翅斑腹雀,_ Pytilia hypogrammica _ * Genus _ Mandingoa _ * 綠背斑雀,_ Mandingoa nitidula _ * 朱翅雀屬 _ Cryptospiza _ * 紅面朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza reichenovii _ * 綠背朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza salvadorii _ * 暗腹朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza jacksoni _ * 謝氏朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza shelleyi _ * 裂子雀屬 _ Pyrenestes _ * 赤紅裂子雀,_ Pyrenestes sanguineus _ * 烏腹裂子雀,_ Pyrenestes ostrinus _ * 細裂子雀,_ Pyrenestes minor _ * 藍喙雀屬 s , genus _ Spermophaga _ * 灰䫌藍喙雀,_ Spermophaga poliogenys _ * 紅胸藍喙雀,_ Spermophaga haematina _ * 紅頭仔藍喙雀,_ Spermophaga ruficapilla _ * 雙點雀屬 _ Clytospiza _ * 咖啡雙點雀,_ Clytospiza monteiri _ * _ 斑雀屬 _ _ Hypargos _ * 朱胸斑雀,_ Hypargos niveoguttatus _ * 玫胸斑雀,_ Hypargos margaritatus _ * 雙斑雀屬 _ Euschistospiza _ * 朱背雙斑雀,_ Euschistospiza dybowskii _ * 烏雙斑雀,_ Euschistospiza cinereovinacea _ * 火雀屬,_ Lagonosticta _ * 斑胸火雀,_ Lagonosticta rufopicta _ * 咖啡背火雀,_ Lagonosticta nitidula _ * 紅喙火雀,_ Lagonosticta senegala _ * 烏腹火雀,_ Lagonosticta rara _ * 灰頂火雀,_ Lagonosticta rubricata _ * 淡喙火雀,_ Lagonosticta landanae _ * 紅腹火雀,_ Lagonosticta rhodopareia _ * 馬里火雀,_ Lagonosticta virata _ * 岩火雀,_ Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis _ * 烏面火雀,_ Lagonosticta larvata _ * 賴氏火雀,_ Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis _ * 藍飾雀屬 _ Uraeginthus _ * 安哥拉藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus angolensis _ * 紅䫌藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus bengalus _ * 藍頂藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus cyanocephalus _ * 紫藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus ianthinogaster _ * 紫耳藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus granatinus _ * _ Coccopygia _ 黃腹梅花雀屬,_ Coccopygia _ * 黃腹梅花雀,_ Coccopygia quartinia _ * 烏䫌黃腹梅花雀,_ Coccopygia melanotis _ * Angolan waxbill , _ Coccopygia bocagei _ * 梅花雀屬 _ Estrilda _ * 淡藍梅花雀,_ Estrilda caerulescens _ * 烏尾梅花雀,_ Estrilda perreini _ * 紐氏梅花雀,_ Estrilda thomensis _ * 黃胸梅花雀,_ Estrilda paludicola _ * Anambra waxbill , _ Estrilda poliopareia _ * 柑仔䫌梅花雀,_ Estrilda melpoda _ * 阿拉伯梅花雀,_ Estrilda rufibarba _ * 赤腰梅花雀,_ Estrilda rhodopyga _ * 烏腰梅花雀,_ Estrilda troglodytes _ * 橫斑梅花雀,_ Estrilda astrild _ * 烏面梅花雀,_ Estrilda nigriloris _ * 烏頂梅花雀,_ Estrilda nonnula _ * 烏頭仔梅花雀,_ Estrilda atricapilla _ * Kandt's waxbill , _ Estrilda kandti _ * 烏䫌梅花雀,_ Estrilda erythronotos _ * 紅腰梅花雀,_ Estrilda charmosyna _ * Genus _ 紅梅花雀屬 _ avadavats * 紅梅花雀,_ Amandava amandava _ also known as red munia * 綠色紅梅花雀,_ Amandava formosa _ * 柑仔腹梅花雀,_ Amandava subflava _ * 鶉雀屬 _ Ortygospiza _ * 鶉雀 _ Ortygospiza atricollis _ * 幫鶉仔屬 _ Paludipasser _ * 鵪鶉仔 _ Paludipasser locustella _ * 彩火尾雀屬 _ Emblema _ * 彩火尾雀,_ Emblema pictum _ * 火尾雀屬 _ Stagonopleura _ * 艷火尾雀,_ Stagonopleura bella _ * 紅耳火尾雀,_ Stagonopleura oculata _ * 斑脅火尾雀,_ Stagonopleura guttata _ * 紅脅火尾雀屬 _ Oreostruthus _ * 紅脅火尾雀,_ Oreostruthus fuliginosus _ * 星雀屬,_ Neochmia _ * Red-browed finch , _ Neochmia temporalis _ * 赤胸星雀,_ Neochmia phaeton _ * 星雀,_ Neochmia ruficauda _ * 咖啡星雀,_ Neochmia modesta _ * 草雀屬 _ Taeniopygia _ * 斑胸草雀,_ Taeniopygia guttata _ * 雙斑草雀,_ Taeniopygia bichenovii _ * 草雀屬 _ Poephila _ * Masked finch , _ Poephila personata _ * Long-tailed finch , _ Poephila acuticauda _ * Black-throated finch , _ Poephila cincta _ * 鸚雀屬,_ Erythrura _ * 綠尾鸚雀,_ Erythrura hyperythra _ * 長尾鸚雀,_ Erythrura prasina _ * 綠面鸚雀,_ Erythrura viridifacies _ * 帝漢鸚雀,_ Erythrura tricolor _ * 藍面鸚雀,_ Erythrura trichroa _ * 紅耳鸚雀,_ Erythrura coloria _ * 大藍面鸚雀,_ Erythrura papuana _ * 紅喉鸚雀,_ Erythrura psittacea _ * 斐濟鸚雀,_ Erythrura pealii _ * 紅頭鸚雀,_ Erythrura cyaneovirens _ * 皇鸚雀,_ Erythrura regia _ * 烏面鸚雀,_ Erythrura kleinschmidti _ * 胡錦鳥,_ Erythrura gouldiae _ * 銀喙文鳥屬 _ Euodice _ * 銀喙文鳥,_ Euodice cantans _ * 白喉文鳥,_ Euodice malabarica _ also known as white-throated munia * 越頭銀喙文鳥屬,_ Odontospiza _ * 越頭銀喙文鳥,_ Odontospiza caniceps _ * 馬島文鳥屬,_ Lepidopygia _ * 馬島文鳥,_ Lepidopygia nana _ * 文鳥屬,Lonchura * 銅色文鳥,_ Lonchura cucullata _ also known as bronze munia * 烏白文鳥,_ Lonchura bicolor _ also known as black-and-white munia * 咖啡背文鳥,_ Lonchura nigriceps _ also known as brown-backed munia * 鵲文鳥,_ Lonchura fringilloides _ also known as magpie munia * 白腰文鳥,_ Lonchura striata _ * 烏喉文鳥,_ Lonchura leucogastroides _ * 暗栗文鳥,_ Lonchura fuscans _ * 烏面文鳥,_ Lonchura molucca _ * 紅胸文鳥,_ Lonchura kelaarti _ also known as Jerdon's mannikin * 斑文鳥,_ Lonchura punctulata _ also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch * 白胸文鳥,_ Lonchura leucogastra _ * 花字花,_ Lonchura tristissima _ * 烏頭文鳥,_ Lonchura atricapilla _ * 栗腹文鳥,_ Lonchura malacca _ * 白頂文鳥,_ Lonchura ferruginosa _ * 白腹文鳥,_ Lonchura pallidiventer _ * 五彩文鳥,_ Lonchura quinticolor _ * 白頭文鳥,_ Lonchura maja _ * 淡色文鳥,_ Lonchura pallida _ * 大喙文鳥,_ Lonchura grandis _ * 灰帶文鳥,_ Lonchura vana _ * 灰冠文鳥,_ Lonchura nevermanni _ * 烏巾文鳥,_ Lonchura spectabilis _ * 雜色文鳥,_ Lonchura hunsteini _ * 栗背文鳥,_ Lonchura forbesi _ * 雜色文鳥,_ Lonchura nigerrima _ * 黃尾文鳥,_ Lonchura flaviprymna _ * 栗胸文鳥,_ Lonchura castaneothorax _ * * 烏文鳥,_ Lonchura stygia _ * 烏胸文鳥,_ Lonchura teerinki _ * 雪山文鳥,_ Lonchura montana _ * 高山文鳥,_ Lonchura monticola _ * 太平洋文鳥,_ Lonchura melaena _ * 禾雀,_ Lonchura oryzivora _ * Timor sparrow , _ Lonchura fuscata _ * 斑胸文鳥屬,_ Heteromunia _ * 斑胸文鳥,_ Heteromunia pectoralis _ * 環喉雀屬,_ Amadina _ * 環喉雀,_ Amadina fasciata _ * 紅頭環喉雀,_ Amadina erythrocephala _ ==演化== 有關梅花雀科物種的系統發生生物地理學(phylogeography)佮其實可能起源的研究已經有矣成果。假使認為:隨著喜馬拉雅山的升漸漸趨強(一 , 六百五十萬年前), 這个季雨佇印度形成,正圖內底就描述這項。這項研究的結論如下: * 梅花雀科做單系群多分枝的鳥仔,其進化可能開始佇中新世(招招咧 , 六百五十萬年前), 然後分佈佇非洲、亞洲佮澳大利亞; * 這一假設的時間佮燕雀亞科(Fringillinae,其實亦只有燕雀屬所有的物種)物種開始輻射的時間符合,嘛佮喜馬拉雅山佮西藏高原上大的升時間符合。這擺的頂懸是因為印度板塊上強烈的挵挵著爾引起,並且形成今仔日南亞地區的季雨系統,猶閣有其他較激烈的氣候變化,比如講:予西藏高原佮中國沙漠的氣候閣較焦燥。 * The most ancient evolutive group comprises African ( 銀喙文鳥 ) , Asian ( 白喉文鳥 ) and Australian ( 斑脅火尾雀 ) ; this suggests that the whole Estrildids radiation might have originated around India . * The African group _ Nesocharis _ is grouped with the African gender _ Estrilda _ . * The 胡錦鳥 ( _ Erythrura _ or _ Chloebia gouldiae _ ) is definitely included within genus _ Erythrura _ with the other species . * The 禾雀 ( _ Padda _ or _ Lonchura oryzivora _ ) is a very modified species from genus _ Lonchura _ : bigger than the rest of _ Lonchura _ species , and a noticeable and quite different head pattern . It is endemic to Java , Bali , and the Bawean Islands , although escapes from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands . * 非洲的文鳥屬 African munias ( _ Spermestes _ ) belong to a genus totally different from Australian and Asian s . * The Australian 紅眉火尾雀 ( _ Neochmia temporalis _ ) , very similar to African common waxbill ( _ Estrilda astrild _ ) , is unrelated to it . Their similarities ( bill , red brow , etc . ) are due to 趨同演化,since their environmental pressures ( weather , habitat , feeding ) are similar . ==參考文獻== ==外部連結== * Syst . Biol . 五十三 ( 一 ) : 一百四十 * 維基物種的相關資訊:梅花雀科 * Zipcode Zoo : Estrildidae * Internet Bird Collection . com : Estrildidae videos , photos and sounds * Waxbill Finch Society—specialist waxbill bird society based in the UK . [[分類: 待校正]]
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