梅花雀科
外觀
這是此頁批准,以及是最近的修訂。
梅花雀科(學名:Estrildidae)是舊大陸熱帶地區佮澳大拉西亞的一種小型雀形目鳥類,包括有幾个捷看鳥仔的物種,比如講:文鳥、鋪儒鳥、火雀、鸚雀佮梅花雀等。梅花雀科有時會去予人看做雀科(Passeridae)的亞科,只包括佇咧舊世界出現的雀,比如講:粟鳥仔屬。就算講其外型可能有淡薄仔仝款,本科物種佮燕雀科、鋪科又閣抑是美洲鋪科的關係其實並無密切。
梅花雀是群居的子食鳥仔,其喙短厚而尖利。梅花雀科物種的身體構造和習性攏真相𫝛,但彼此間羽毛的色水佮花草差誠濟。
所有的品種的梅花雀攏會起較大葩的半圓形鳥仔岫,逐擺通生五至十枚白色鳥卵。大部份物種會建造用歇睏的鳥仔岫。部份火雀佮斑腹雀會佇維達雀科的岫內生卵寄生。
大部份的梅花雀攏對寒冷極為敏感,性喜溫暖,加佇熱帶定居;少數佇澳大利亞南部佮新幾內亞的高地,閣適應當地較寒冷的氣候,比如講:高山文鳥、紅脅火尾雀、紅眉火尾雀,閣有 _ Stagonopleura _ 這屬的物種。
梅花雀科中上細的物種是小綠背織雀(_ Nesocharis shelleyi _), 體長干焦八點三公分(三寸三英寸)。 上輕的物種是烏腰梅花(_ Estrilda troglodytes _), 干焦重六克(空九二一汪輸)。 上大的物種是禾雀(_ Padda oryzivora _), 體長會當到十七公分(六桱七英寸), 體重會當達到二十五克(空九八八汪輸)。
分類
屬佮遮的物種
- 叨花雀屬 _ Parmoptila _
- 紅額叨花雀 _ Parmoptila rubrifrons _
- Jameson's antpecker , _ Parmoptila jamesoni _ –often included in _ P . rubrifrons _
- 叨花雀 _ Parmoptila woodhousei _
- 烏雀屬 _ Nigrita _
- 白胸烏雀 _ Nigrita fusconota _
- 栗胸黑雀 _ Nigrita bicolor _
- 淡額烏雀 _ Nigrita luteifrons _
- 灰冠烏雀 _ Nigrita canicapilla _
- 綠背織雀屬 _ Nesocharis _
- 白領綠背織雀,_ Nesocharis ansorgei _
- 這个小綠背織雀,_ Nesocharis shelleyi _
- 規頭殼綠背織雀,_ Nesocharis capistrata _
- 斑腹雀屬 _ Pytilia _
- 柑仔翼斑腹雀,_ Pytilia afra _
- 紅翅斑腹雀,_ Pytilia phoenicoptera _
- 紅喙斑腹雀 _ Pytilia lineata _
- 綠翅斑腹雀,_ Pytilia melba _
- 黃翅斑腹雀,_ Pytilia hypogrammica _
- Genus _ Mandingoa _
- 綠背斑雀,_ Mandingoa nitidula _
- 朱翅雀屬 _ Cryptospiza _
- 紅面朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza reichenovii _
- 綠背朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza salvadorii _
- 暗腹朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza jacksoni _
- 謝氏朱翅雀,_ Cryptospiza shelleyi _
- 裂子雀屬 _ Pyrenestes _
- 赤紅裂子雀,_ Pyrenestes sanguineus _
- 烏腹裂子雀,_ Pyrenestes ostrinus _
- 細裂子雀,_ Pyrenestes minor _
- 藍喙雀屬 s , genus _ Spermophaga _
- 灰䫌藍喙雀,_ Spermophaga poliogenys _
- 紅胸藍喙雀,_ Spermophaga haematina _
- 紅頭仔藍喙雀,_ Spermophaga ruficapilla _
- 雙點雀屬 _ Clytospiza _
- 咖啡雙點雀,_ Clytospiza monteiri _
- _ 斑雀屬 _ _ Hypargos _
- 朱胸斑雀,_ Hypargos niveoguttatus _
- 玫胸斑雀,_ Hypargos margaritatus _
- 雙斑雀屬 _ Euschistospiza _
- 朱背雙斑雀,_ Euschistospiza dybowskii _
- 烏雙斑雀,_ Euschistospiza cinereovinacea _
- 火雀屬,_ Lagonosticta _
- 斑胸火雀,_ Lagonosticta rufopicta _
- 咖啡背火雀,_ Lagonosticta nitidula _
- 紅喙火雀,_ Lagonosticta senegala _
- 烏腹火雀,_ Lagonosticta rara _
- 灰頂火雀,_ Lagonosticta rubricata _
- 淡喙火雀,_ Lagonosticta landanae _
- 紅腹火雀,_ Lagonosticta rhodopareia _
- 馬里火雀,_ Lagonosticta virata _
- 岩火雀,_ Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis _
- 烏面火雀,_ Lagonosticta larvata _
- 賴氏火雀,_ Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis _
- 藍飾雀屬 _ Uraeginthus _
- 安哥拉藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus angolensis _
- 紅䫌藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus bengalus _
- 藍頂藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus cyanocephalus _
- 紫藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus ianthinogaster _
- 紫耳藍飾雀,_ Uraeginthus granatinus _
- _ Coccopygia _ 黃腹梅花雀屬,_ Coccopygia _
- 黃腹梅花雀,_ Coccopygia quartinia _
- 烏䫌黃腹梅花雀,_ Coccopygia melanotis _
- Angolan waxbill , _ Coccopygia bocagei _
- 梅花雀屬 _ Estrilda _
- 淡藍梅花雀,_ Estrilda caerulescens _
- 烏尾梅花雀,_ Estrilda perreini _
- 紐氏梅花雀,_ Estrilda thomensis _
- 黃胸梅花雀,_ Estrilda paludicola _
- Anambra waxbill , _ Estrilda poliopareia _
- 柑仔䫌梅花雀,_ Estrilda melpoda _
- 阿拉伯梅花雀,_ Estrilda rufibarba _
- 赤腰梅花雀,_ Estrilda rhodopyga _
- 烏腰梅花雀,_ Estrilda troglodytes _
- 橫斑梅花雀,_ Estrilda astrild _
- 烏面梅花雀,_ Estrilda nigriloris _
- 烏頂梅花雀,_ Estrilda nonnula _
- 烏頭仔梅花雀,_ Estrilda atricapilla _
- Kandt's waxbill , _ Estrilda kandti _
- 烏䫌梅花雀,_ Estrilda erythronotos _
- 紅腰梅花雀,_ Estrilda charmosyna _
- Genus _ 紅梅花雀屬 _ avadavats
- 紅梅花雀,_ Amandava amandava _ also known as red munia
- 綠色紅梅花雀,_ Amandava formosa _
- 柑仔腹梅花雀,_ Amandava subflava _
- 鶉雀屬 _ Ortygospiza _
- 鶉雀 _ Ortygospiza atricollis _
- 幫鶉仔屬 _ Paludipasser _
- 鵪鶉仔 _ Paludipasser locustella _
- 彩火尾雀屬 _ Emblema _
- 彩火尾雀,_ Emblema pictum _
- 火尾雀屬 _ Stagonopleura _
- 艷火尾雀,_ Stagonopleura bella _
- 紅耳火尾雀,_ Stagonopleura oculata _
- 斑脅火尾雀,_ Stagonopleura guttata _
- 紅脅火尾雀屬 _ Oreostruthus _
- 紅脅火尾雀,_ Oreostruthus fuliginosus _
- 星雀屬,_ Neochmia _
- Red-browed finch , _ Neochmia temporalis _
- 赤胸星雀,_ Neochmia phaeton _
- 星雀,_ Neochmia ruficauda _
- 咖啡星雀,_ Neochmia modesta _
- 草雀屬 _ Taeniopygia _
- 斑胸草雀,_ Taeniopygia guttata _
- 雙斑草雀,_ Taeniopygia bichenovii _
- 草雀屬 _ Poephila _
- Masked finch , _ Poephila personata _
- Long-tailed finch , _ Poephila acuticauda _
- Black-throated finch , _ Poephila cincta _
- 鸚雀屬,_ Erythrura _
- 綠尾鸚雀,_ Erythrura hyperythra _
- 長尾鸚雀,_ Erythrura prasina _
- 綠面鸚雀,_ Erythrura viridifacies _
- 帝漢鸚雀,_ Erythrura tricolor _
- 藍面鸚雀,_ Erythrura trichroa _
- 紅耳鸚雀,_ Erythrura coloria _
- 大藍面鸚雀,_ Erythrura papuana _
- 紅喉鸚雀,_ Erythrura psittacea _
- 斐濟鸚雀,_ Erythrura pealii _
- 紅頭鸚雀,_ Erythrura cyaneovirens _
- 皇鸚雀,_ Erythrura regia _
- 烏面鸚雀,_ Erythrura kleinschmidti _
- 胡錦鳥,_ Erythrura gouldiae _
- 銀喙文鳥屬 _ Euodice _
- 銀喙文鳥,_ Euodice cantans _
- 白喉文鳥,_ Euodice malabarica _ also known as white-throated munia
- 越頭銀喙文鳥屬,_ Odontospiza _
- 越頭銀喙文鳥,_ Odontospiza caniceps _
- 馬島文鳥屬,_ Lepidopygia _
- 馬島文鳥,_ Lepidopygia nana _
- 文鳥屬,Lonchura
- 銅色文鳥,_ Lonchura cucullata _ also known as bronze munia
- 烏白文鳥,_ Lonchura bicolor _ also known as black-and-white munia
- 咖啡背文鳥,_ Lonchura nigriceps _ also known as brown-backed munia
- 鵲文鳥,_ Lonchura fringilloides _ also known as magpie munia
- 白腰文鳥,_ Lonchura striata _
- 烏喉文鳥,_ Lonchura leucogastroides _
- 暗栗文鳥,_ Lonchura fuscans _
- 烏面文鳥,_ Lonchura molucca _
- 紅胸文鳥,_ Lonchura kelaarti _ also known as Jerdon's mannikin
- 斑文鳥,_ Lonchura punctulata _ also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch
- 白胸文鳥,_ Lonchura leucogastra _
- 花字花,_ Lonchura tristissima _
- 烏頭文鳥,_ Lonchura atricapilla _
- 栗腹文鳥,_ Lonchura malacca _
- 白頂文鳥,_ Lonchura ferruginosa _
- 白腹文鳥,_ Lonchura pallidiventer _
- 五彩文鳥,_ Lonchura quinticolor _
- 白頭文鳥,_ Lonchura maja _
- 淡色文鳥,_ Lonchura pallida _
- 大喙文鳥,_ Lonchura grandis _
- 灰帶文鳥,_ Lonchura vana _
- 灰冠文鳥,_ Lonchura nevermanni _
- 烏巾文鳥,_ Lonchura spectabilis _
- 雜色文鳥,_ Lonchura hunsteini _
- 栗背文鳥,_ Lonchura forbesi _
- 雜色文鳥,_ Lonchura nigerrima _
- 黃尾文鳥,_ Lonchura flaviprymna _
- 栗胸文鳥,_ Lonchura castaneothorax _
- * 烏文鳥,_ Lonchura stygia _
- 烏胸文鳥,_ Lonchura teerinki _
- 雪山文鳥,_ Lonchura montana _
- 高山文鳥,_ Lonchura monticola _
- 太平洋文鳥,_ Lonchura melaena _
- 禾雀,_ Lonchura oryzivora _
- Timor sparrow , _ Lonchura fuscata _
- 斑胸文鳥屬,_ Heteromunia _
- 斑胸文鳥,_ Heteromunia pectoralis _
- 環喉雀屬,_ Amadina _
- 環喉雀,_ Amadina fasciata _
- 紅頭環喉雀,_ Amadina erythrocephala _
演化
有關梅花雀科物種的系統發生生物地理學(phylogeography)佮其實可能起源的研究已經有矣成果。假使認為:隨著喜馬拉雅山的升漸漸趨強(一 , 六百五十萬年前), 這个季雨佇印度形成,正圖內底就描述這項。這項研究的結論如下:
- 梅花雀科做單系群多分枝的鳥仔,其進化可能開始佇中新世(招招咧 , 六百五十萬年前), 然後分佈佇非洲、亞洲佮澳大利亞;
- 這一假設的時間佮燕雀亞科(Fringillinae,其實亦只有燕雀屬所有的物種)物種開始輻射的時間符合,嘛佮喜馬拉雅山佮西藏高原上大的升時間符合。這擺的頂懸是因為印度板塊上強烈的挵挵著爾引起,並且形成今仔日南亞地區的季雨系統,猶閣有其他較激烈的氣候變化,比如講:予西藏高原佮中國沙漠的氣候閣較焦燥。
- The most ancient evolutive group comprises African ( 銀喙文鳥 ) , Asian ( 白喉文鳥 ) and Australian ( 斑脅火尾雀 ) ; this suggests that the whole Estrildids radiation might have originated around India .
- The African group _ Nesocharis _ is grouped with the African gender _ Estrilda _ .
- The 胡錦鳥 ( _ Erythrura _ or _ Chloebia gouldiae _ ) is definitely included within genus _ Erythrura _ with the other species .
- The 禾雀 ( _ Padda _ or _ Lonchura oryzivora _ ) is a very modified species from genus _ Lonchura _ : bigger than the rest of _ Lonchura _ species , and a noticeable and quite different head pattern . It is endemic to Java , Bali , and the Bawean Islands , although escapes from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands .
- 非洲的文鳥屬 African munias ( _ Spermestes _ ) belong to a genus totally different from Australian and Asian s .
- The Australian 紅眉火尾雀 ( _ Neochmia temporalis _ ) , very similar to African common waxbill ( _ Estrilda astrild _ ) , is unrelated to it . Their similarities ( bill , red brow , etc . ) are due to 趨同演化,since their environmental pressures ( weather , habitat , feeding ) are similar .
參考文獻
外部連結
- Syst . Biol . 五十三 ( 一 ) : 一百四十
- 維基物種的相關資訊:梅花雀科
- Zipcode Zoo : Estrildidae
- Internet Bird Collection . com : Estrildidae videos , photos and sounds
- Waxbill Finch Society—specialist waxbill bird society based in the UK .