柏林城市鐵路

柏林城市鐵路（德語：Berliner Stadtbahn）是一條橫貫德國首都柏林市區的一條幹線鐵枝路，線路大致呈物件行向，東起柏林東站，西至柏林-夏洛堡車站，連接柏林的平特烈斯海恩和夏洛堡。這一鐵的路線路共設十一站，其中包括柏林火車總站。佇咧有一寡定義，「 柏林城市鐵路」的定義較闊，包含連接柏林東十字車站佮柏林西十字車頭的鐵路，就算講這一定義並無準確。這條鐵路線頭起佇咧十九世紀八空年代。現為全高架四線鐵路，和城市道路的交口全部為立交道。同時供柏林城市快鐵、區域列車、區域快車、城際列車、歐城列車、城際快車使用。

佮柏林城市快鐵的關係

柏林城市快鐵（德語原名：S-Bahn Berlin）定予人誤譯做「柏林城市鐵路」。「柏林城市快鐵」德文原名中的「S-Bahn」為「Stadt-Schnellbahn」的縮寫，中文為「城市快鐵」，含義為「來穿佇咧城市內部和市郊間的旅客列車，會當共乘客以較緊的速度送達目的地」；「 Berlin」為「柏林」。 也就是講，將「S-Bahn Berlin」誤譯做「柏林城市鐵路」無去部份的原意，並會佮柏林城市鐵路（德語原名：Berliner Stadtbahn）透濫。

柏林城市鐵路（德語原名：Berliner Stadtbahn）的名稱含義是「貫穿柏林市區的鐵路線路」。

「 柏林城市快鐵」走經「柏林城市鐵路」全線，「 柏林城市鐵路」嘛毋但予人「柏林城市快鐵」使用，區域列車、區域快車、城際列車、歐城列車、城際快車攏使用「柏林城市鐵路」。

結構佮軌道

柏林城市鐵路有一座總長八千米的鐵路高架橋，其實有七百三十一个圓拱眉。另外有兩千米的線路佇六十四座橋頂懸，這六十四座橋頂迒幾條街仔路並三跨施普雷河，其他的部份佇路駁岸頂懸。

柏林城市鐵路為電氣化四線鐵路。其中北爿兩線干焦供柏林城市快鐵使用，電氣化制式做「七百五十伏第三軌供電」，柏林城市快鐵行徑柏林城市鐵路全線並停靠全部十一座車站。南爿兩線共主線鐵路列車使用（包括區域列車、區域快車、城際列車、歐城列車、城仔快車）， 電氣化制式做「交流十五千伏十六磯七赫茲架空電纜供電」，主線鐵路干焦停靠其中的六座車站。

現車站和里程

「 柏林城市鐵路」的路程自東向西計算，現車站和里程看落來：

歷史

規劃

一八七一年的柏林有八條幹線鐵枝路，其在柏林的主要火車站為濟起佇外圍城區、郊區而且袂使直接互通的盡頭式車站。這對愛佇柏林換乘的鐵路旅客十分無友好，旅客往往無法度佇仝火車頭內換坐火車，是需要通過 bak-kuh 佇相倚甚遠的無仝火車站中換火車。因為咧規劃矣穿越柏林市區連通無仝盡頭式鐵路樞紐站的鐵路線。

In 一千八百七十二 , the _ Deutsche Eisenbahnbaugesellschaft _ ( German Railway Construction Company-DEG ) filed the planning application for a railway line through the city , connecting the then-Schlesischer Bahnhof ( today Berlin Ostbahnhof ) to Charlottenburg , and continuing to Potsdam . In December 一千八百七十三 , the state of Prussia as well as the private rail enterprises Berlin-Potsdamer Eisenbahn , Magdeburg-Halberstädter Eisenbahn and Berlin-Hamburger Bahn bought shares in the DEG , and jointly founded the _ Berliner Stadteisenbahngesellschaft _ ( Berlin City Railway Company ) . However , things did not go as expected and the DEG went into bankruptcy in 一千八百七十八 , which forced the Prussian state government to take over operations , pay for the construction of the line with state money and to reimburse the former private owners of the DEG . The state's interest in the line was attributed to the military , which after the 一千八百七十五一千八百七十一 Franco-Prussian War was of the opinion that the railway networks would hinder mobilisation when not properly interconnected .

On 十五 July 一千八百七十八 the _ Königliche Direktion der Berliner Stadteisenbahn _ ( Royal Directorate of Berlin City Railways ) , under the management of Ernst Dircksen , was commissioned to manage the site . The directorate at first reported to the Prussian Ministry of Transport and later became a subsidiary of the Ministry of Public Operations .

彼當陣共這个鐵路做複線鐵路，客貨拋拋走。值得注意的是，彼當時倫敦佮紐約類似的鐵路線為貨車予客車。閣有，這條鐵路新線毋但欲連接柏林無仝的盡頭式鐵路樞紐站，閣欲連接柏林環線鐵路並行踏郊列車。

The traffic routing was not only influenced by the location of the already existing stations the line was supposed to connect , but also by land availability in the city centre . One of the original drafts , which called for building the line along Leipziger Straße , had to be scrapped because of overly high land prices . The moat of the 十七 th century Berlin Fortress was filled up between Hackescher Markt and Jannowitzbrücke stations and , since it was public land , was used for building the railway line . This explains some of the curvy sections on the Stadtbahn , especially between Alexanderplatz and Jannowitzbrücke stations .

Its elevated nature sets the Stadtbahn apart from the previous Berliner Verbindungsbahn , built in 千八仔五一 , which was built at street level and was a hindrance to travel .

建設

柏林城市鐵路佇一八七五年開工建設。一八八二年二月初六，即正式開通的前一工，德國皇帝威廉一世乘坐專列視察了柏林城市鐵路全線。一八八二年二月七號正式開通，並對短途列車開放。一八八二年五月十五開始對長途列車開放。彼當陣每千米造價為五百萬德國金馬克（包括欲買土地的費用）。 這條鐵枝路後來成做柏林城市快鐵的核心路線。柏林城市鐵路上頭使用鋼質枕木，二十世紀初換做木質枕木。

一八八年五月初一，柏林城市鐵路向東連通箭頭半島-魯梅爾斯堡車站（一九三三年到今稱柏林東十字車站）佮向西經柏林西十字車站連通柏林-西區車站的鐵枝路線啟用。

初始車站

（ 照自西向東順序排列）

• 柏林-夏洛堡車站
• 柏林動物園車站
• 柏林貝爾維尤車站
• 柏林-萊爾特城市鐵路車站（今柏林火車總站）
• 柏林洪特烈大街車站
• 交易所站（今柏林哈克市場車站）
• 柏林亞歷山大廣場車站
• 柏林亞諾維茨橋站
• 柏林-西里西亞車站（今柏林東站）

尾期增加車站

• 柏林薩維尼廣場車站：一八九六年八月初一啟用，佇柏林-夏洛堡車站佮柏林動物園車站之間。
• 柏林蒂爾加薦車站：一八八五年正月初五啟用，佇柏林動物園車站佮柏林貝爾維尤車站之間。

運營初期

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市郊列車

Suburban trains operated on the local tracks , the so-called _ city track _ . At first , these were either services to the suburbs or connections to the Berlin Ringbahn , running as " half ring trains " , using the Stadtbahn and either the northern or the southern Ringbahn . The trains were pulled by locomotives , which ran on coke to minimise the smell . Doors on the train compartments had to be opened by the passengers themselves and stations were not called out on the train .

These trains ran from 四 o'clock in the morning to 一 o'clock at night , typically at intervals between two and five minutes , depending on the time of day . Fares in the early 二十 th century were 十 pfennig in 三 rd class and 十五 pfennig in 二 nd class .

貨運列車

The freight traffic to the central market at Alexanderplatz was carried by seven special trains per day , of which four ran at night , two during the day and one in the evening . Apart from this , the Stadtbahn carried no freight ; normal freight traffic instead used the freight stations Charlottenburg , Moabit , Wedding , Zentralviehhof , Weißensee , Frankfurter Allee , Rixdorf , Tempelhof , Wilmersdorf-Friedenau and Halensee on the ring line .

長途列車

In the first years of the Stadtbahn , many trains previously terminating at the old terminuses Lehrter Bahnhof , Görlitzer Bahnhof or Potsdamer Bahnhof operated via the Stadtbahn to reduce the load on the terminus stations . By the end of the 十九 th century , however , most of these train runs had to terminate at their old destination stations again due to the increasing local traffic on the Stadtbahn .

The remaining traffic on the Stadtbahn mostly consisted of express trains to Hanover and Cologne via the Lehrter Bahn , Kanonenbahn trains to Dessau , trains to Königsberg and Danzig on the Preußische Ostbahn and trains to Frankfurt / Oder and Breslau . Suburban trains to Spandau and Strausberg also ran on the Stadtbahn's long-distance tracks until 一千九百二十八 .

Trains heading west usually left from the Schlesischer Bahnhof station , those heading east from Charlottenburg . Depots were situated in Rummelsburg ( then called _ Bw Karlshorst _ ) and Grunewald .

Station expansions and viaducts

In 一千九百十四 , the Friedrichstraße station was rebuilt ; the long-distance section of the station was expanded to four tracks and the current station hall was built . Between 一千九百二十二 and 一千九百三十二 , the Stadtbahn viaduct was thoroughly modernised in order to handle the ever-increasing train weight . Also , the train sheds of Alexanderplatz and Schlesischer Bahnhof were replaced . The suburban line's platforms were raised to a height of 九十六 centimetres .

A second long-distance platform and a new hall were built at Zoo station from 一千九百三十四 to 一千九百四十 . The station hall was only glazed in the 一千九百五十 s , however . The notable terraced vestibule dates from the same time .

電氣化

On 十一 June 一千九百二十八 the suburban line Potsdam-Stadtbahn-Erkner was fully equipped with DC third rail gear . Five trains of the new DRG Class ET 一百六十五–the type appropriately named _ Stadtbahn _–went into service , still sharing the track with steam trains . By November 一千九百二十八 all lines leading toward the Stadtbahn , namely the lines from Kaulsdorf , Spandau and Grünau as well as the Berlin Ringbahn , were fully electrified . Therefore , suburban services to Spandau could be moved from the long-distance tracks to the local tracks . The last steam trains disappeared in 一千九百二十九 when the ring became fully operated by electric trains . Half-ring trains operated only as peak time services . In December 一千九百三十 the term _ S-Bahn _ and the symbol of a white S on a green circle were introduced for the city , ring and suburban services .

二戰了後冷戰的時陣

佇二戰了後的時陣，柏林城市鐵路因為佇戰爭中拄著破壞而且半遂，但無偌久了後就予人修復。因約瑟夫 ・ 維薩里奧諾維奇 ・ 史達林希望乘坐火車參加波茨坦會議，所途徑的柏林城市鐵路軌隨之改做蘇式的一千五百二十四毫米闊軌。因德國予英、媠啦、法、蘇分區占領（英、媠啦、法占區了後成做西德，蘇占區後成做東德）， 途徑柏林城市鐵路連接德國蘇占區佮英、媠啦、法占區間的列車大幅度減少。部份來自德國蘇占區的列車以柏林城市鐵路沿線車頭做終點。

途徑柏林城市鐵路的長途列車佇柏林封鎖期間強欲完全停運。二戰了後無偌久重起的柏林城市快鐵猶原使用柏林城市鐵路，這時途徑柏林城市鐵路柏林城市快鐵閣會當到柯尼希斯武斯特豪森、施特勞斯貝格、斯塔肯、法爾肯塞。

一九五二年五月十八，柏林城市鐵路西柏林段除柏林動物園車頭外的長途鐵路車站、鐵路樞紐站全部關起來。一九五三年，最後一列行行柏林城市鐵路的東德國內列車駛出。

一九六一年建成的柏林圍牆予得柏林動物園車站成做西柏林事實上的火車總站，柏林東站成做東柏林事實上的火車總站。The station Friedrichstraße now was the terminal point of the separated West and East Berlin S-Bahn lines and departure point for the Interzonenzug ( Inter-zone train ) services between West Berlin and West Germany . Friedrichstraße station was separated into Eastern and Western parts with steel walls , and enabled West Berliners to change to S-Bahn trains running on the Nord-Süd-Bahn and the U 六 line of the Berlin U-Bahn without passing through GDR border controls . The station also featured a border crossing into East Berlin . Through trains between Zoo and Ostbahnhof only existed in international traffic , for example the Paris to Warsaw trains . Later , through coaches and shuttle trains connecting to the night trains to Scandinavia crossed the intra-German border on the Stadtbahn as well .

Due to a quirk in legislation , the West Berlin parts of the Stadtbahn belonged to the Deutsche Reichsbahn , which made it ( and therefore the GDR government ) one of the largest landowners in West Berlin . Regular quarrels erupted between the DR , the GDR government , the West Berlin Senate and the Allied occupation powers .

Prices for the West Berlin S-Bahn were kept slightly below the fares of the West Berlin BVG . In East Berlin , a flat fee of 空九二空 Mark was charged until 一千九百九十一 . West Berlin politics and most of the populace fully boycotted the S-Bahn , which was run by the East German railways , and introduced bus and U-Bahn lines running parallel to the S-Bahn network and the Stadtbahn .

Despite problems , the Deutsche Reichsbahn made improvements to the line and reconstructed at great expense the Westkreuz railway station which had been built on swamp land .

Meanwhile , the number of S-Bahn lines running in West Berlin was reduced to just three as a consequence of a strike carried out by the Deutsche Reichsbahn's West Berlin-based employees in September 一千九百八十 . On 九 January 一千九百八十四 a treaty between the GDR and the West Berlin Senate came into force and turned over the responsibility for operation of the S-Bahn in West Berlin to the West Berlin transport authority , the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe . Soon thereafter , talks with the GDR commenced regarding improvements of the Stadtbahn in West Berlin as well as the modernisation of the Zoologischer Garten station . The Lehrter Stadtbahnhof was also carefully restored to its original 一千八百八十 s look and became a listed building . 佇東柏林段，柏林東站佇一九八七年柏林建城七百五十周年之際部份重建並且更號名做「柏林火車總站」。

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兩德統一前後

柏林圍牆倒去佮兩德統一了後，柏林城市鐵路的重要性急劇衝懸。一九九空年開始有經柏林城市鐵路開往科隆的區際列車。一九九一年起，駛往卡爾斯魯厄、科隆的城際列車經柏林城市鐵路運行。柏林至漢堡的列車隨之經柏林城市鐵路延線至德勒斯登佮布拉格，柏林至慕尼黑的「迒境列車」嘛隨之改為「城際列車」並途經柏林城市鐵路。

通往柏林動物園車站的西段主線鐵路股道佇一九九三年七月初四完成電氣化，通往今柏林東站的東段主線鐵路股道佇一九八七年完成電氣化（柏林城市鐵路柏林城市快鐵股道早已完成電氣化）。 柏林城市鐵路主線鐵路股道通往柏林動物園車站的路段電氣化工程完工了後，城際快車開始使用柏林動物園車站。

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一九九四年現代化改造了後

一九九四年十月，柏林城市鐵路現代化工程開工，全線大興土木。高架橋進行矣檢測佮加固，軌道換新 khōng-ku-lí 枕木來增加耐久性佮四序性。全線所有的車站攏進行矣投資較大的現代化工程。佇咧這个時陣，長途列車暫不使用柏林城市鐵路，柏林城市快鐵暫時使用主線鐵路股道。一九九八年三月二四，柏林城市鐵路現代化工程竣工，城仔快車、城際列車、區域快車恢復佇柏林城市鐵路運行。

佇新柏林火車總站接入柏林城市鐵路工程佇二空空一年開工，二空空二年七月完工，這擺工程包含構成柏林車總站的鐵枝路高架橋佮上跨洪堡港的鐵路高架橋。一直到二空空六年熱天，柏林城市鐵路一直是長途火車的主要通道，通常停靠柏林動物園車站佮柏林東站。佇新柏林火車總站二空空六年五月二八啟用了後，柏林城市鐵路的重要性略有減弱，因為佇這个此了後有足濟列車改過柏林南北幹線的鐵路出入柏林的火車總站。干焦有的途徑柏林城市鐵路的城際列車，加開往漢諾瓦佮科隆，通常停靠柏林火車總站佮柏林東站。

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• 這馬的柏林火車總站上部軌道層（柏林城市鐵路所佇軌道層）
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截至二空二三年四月七，停靠柏林火車總站的柏林城市快鐵線路有三號線、五號線、七號線、九號線。這四條柏林城市快鐵線路全部行踏柏林城市鐵路全線，佇柏林火車總站攏使用上部軌道層（柏林城市鐵路所佇軌道層）。

延伸閱讀

• Die Stadtbahn , Signal-Sonderausgabe , Berliner S-Bahn-Museum . Berlin : Verlag GVE . 九百九十六 . ISBN  三鋪八九千兩百十八學四十六刣六（德語）.

外部連結

• Entry in the listed building directory of the Berlin Senate . [二千空七孵一鋪二十八] .（原始內容存檔佇兩千空七堵九九陽二十九）（德語）.